Introduction

Nagorno-Karabakh, better known as Artsakh, has been an integral part of the historical homeland of the Armenian people since ancient times. This territory has a history spanning thousands of years, from ancient kingdoms to the complex political conflicts of our time. This article will provide a detailed overview of the history of Artsakh, with an emphasis on its cultural, political, and legal developments.

Prehistory and Archaeological Finds

Archaeological excavations conducted in the territory of Artsakh testify to the high level of culture of the people living here. The finds from the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age testify to the rich historical and cultural heritage. Also of great importance is the Azokh Cave, where hominid remains were discovered.

Artsakh as part of Greater Armenia

In the first millennium BC, Artsakh was part of the Utik province of Greater Armenia. According to ancient Armenian sources, Artsakh was known for its pastoralism, forests, and freedom. During this period, powerful principalities were formed in Artsakh, the most famous of which was Khachen.

Sasanian and Arab Rule

During the rule of Sasanian Persia, Artsakh was considered a strategically important area. In the 7th century, Arab invasions brought a new reality. Despite Arab rule, Artsakh continues to preserve its Armenian identity and church structure.

The Bagratids and the Formation of the Khachenian Power

During the Bagratid era, the Khachen principality was formed in Artsakh as an independent Armenian principality. In the 10th-13th centuries, Khachen was recognized as an important cultural center. The monasteries of Haghartsin, Dadivank, and Gandzasar mark the architectural development of that period.

Mongol Period and Administrative Changes

In the 13th-14th centuries, Artsakh was subjected to Mongol invasions, but the Armenian authorities were able to maintain their positions, often collaborating with the invading forces. During this period, Artsakh maintained its spiritual vitality.

Persian Empire: Khanate of Karabakh

In the 17th-18th centuries, Artsakh became part of the Karabakh Khanate under Persian rule. However, the local Armenian meliks, the "Five Meliks of Karabakh", continued to maintain autonomy, creating a defensive federal system.

The Expansion of the Russian Empire and Artsakh

At the beginning of the 19th century, as a result of the Russo-Persian Wars, Karabakh came under the control of the Russian Empire under the Treaties of Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchay (1828). The Armenian population received favorable conditions and religious freedoms.

The Soviet Zone and the Creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

After the Soviet Union came to power, Artsakh was originally intended to be transferred to Armenia, but by decision of the Caucasus Bureau, it was transferred to Azerbaijan, with the formation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. This had a serious impact on the local Armenian population.

The Independence Movement and the First Artsakh War (1988–1994)

During the collapse of the USSR, the Armenian population of Artsakh declared an initiative for unification with the Republic of Armenia. This circumstance led to a large-scale war with Azerbaijan, which ended with the establishment of a ceasefire in 1994. Artsakh became de facto independent, having its own system of government.

Transition Zone: Construction, Politics, and Conflict

The post-war period was marked by the strengthening of state institutions, as well as the challenges of international non-recognition. During this period, tensions and border clashes periodically occurred.

The Second Artsakh War (2020)

In September 2020, Azerbaijan launched a military offensive against Artsakh, with the support of Turkey and mercenaries. After a 44-day war, a trilateral agreement was signed, as a result of which most of Artsakh came under Azerbaijani control.

Events of 2023: The End of the Autonomy of Artsakh

In 2023, military operations launched by Azerbaijan led to the mass displacement of the Armenian population in Artsakh. The Republic of Artsakh announced the termination of its rule in accordance with the September agreement.

Cultural Heritage and Endangered Monuments

Artsakh is rich in historical and cultural heritage: monasteries, churches, khachkars. This heritage is currently in danger of destruction under Azerbaijani control.

The Historical Significance of Artsakh for the Armenian People

Artsakh has been and remains an integral part of the Armenian identity. Its history is not only a symbol of struggle, but also of creativity, spiritual and national identity.

Conclusion

The history of Nagorno-Karabakh is a story that goes back centuries, full of heroism, traditions, and struggle. Artsakh is the heart of the territorial, spiritual, and cultural heritage of the Armenian people, which will continue to live on in the collective memory of Armenians.